The Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Ocular Disease

A review of the proposed benefits and adverse effects of these medications in glaucoma and other ocular diseases.

Glaucoma Physician September 1, 2025 Vol Ophthalmology Management, Issue September 2025 Page(s): 14-16

Clinical Scorecard: The Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Ocular Disease

Category	Detail
Condition	Ocular diseases including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Key Mechanisms	GLP-1RAs improve blood glucose control, promote neurohormonal satiety, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Target Population	Adults using GLP-1 receptor agonists, particularly those with diabetes and obesity.
Care Setting	Clinical settings involving diabetes management and ophthalmology.

GLP-1RAs may reduce the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) compared to other diabetes medications.
Potential protective effects against nonexudative AMD and diabetic retinopathy are under investigation.
Mixed results exist regarding the risk of diabetic macular edema and worsening diabetic retinopathy with GLP-1RA use.

Consider candid conversations with patients regarding potential ocular risks and benefits.

Close follow-up for patients on GLP-1RAs, especially those with existing ocular conditions.

Increased risk of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) has been debated but not conclusively established.

Adults with diabetes and obesity prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists.

GLP-1RAs may confer benefits in ocular health, but risks such as diabetic macular edema and NAION require careful consideration.

Integrate GLP-1RAs into the ophthalmology toolbox with caution.
Conduct prospective trials to clarify the protective effects of GLP-1RAs in ocular diseases.